Thermodynamics

Ideal gas laws, kinetic theory, heat transfer, thermodynamic processes, engines, and entropy.

Top video lessons

Temperature and Kinetic Theory

Khan Academy

Ideal Gas Law

Professor Dave Explains

First Law of Thermodynamics

Khan Academy

PV Diagrams and Processes

Michel van Biezen

Carnot Engine

Khan Academy

Entropy

Professor Dave Explains

PV = nRT

⟨KE⟩ = ³⁄₂ kT

v_rms = √(3RT/M)

First law: ΔU = Q − W (sign convention dependent).
Isothermal: ΔU = 0; adiabatic: Q = 0; isobaric: constant P; isochoric: constant V.
Heat capacities: C_p − C_v = R (ideal gas).

ΔU = Q − W

C_p − C_v = R

TV^{γ−1} = const (adiabatic)

Carnot efficiency: η = 1 − T_C/T_H (maximum possible between two reservoirs).
Entropy: dS = dQ_rev/T; entropy of universe increases for irreversible processes.
Second law: heat does not spontaneously flow from cold to hot.

η_Carnot = 1 − T_C/T_H

dS = đQ_rev/T

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